Kiến Thức Trọng Tâm

民主意味着“人民的统治”

Democracy means "rule by the people"

年满18岁的英国公民可以在选举中投票

UK citizens aged 18 or over can vote in elections

在英国，投票是一项权利，而非法律义务

Voting is a right, not a legal duty in the UK

没有人凌驾于法律之上，包括政府和警察

No one is above the law, including the government and the police

每个人都有权获得公正审判，在被证明有罪之前是无罪的

Everyone has the right to a fair trial and is innocent until proven guilty

司法机构独立于政府

The judiciary is independent of the government

个人自由包括信仰自由、言论自由和结社自由

Individual liberty includes freedom of belief, expression, and association

言论自由不包括煽动仇恨或暴力的权利

Freedom of expression does not include the right to incite hatred or violence

1998年《人权法》规定了英国每个人的权利和自由

The Human Rights Act 1998 sets out the rights and freedoms of everyone in the UK

在英国社会中没有极端主义或不宽容的容身之地

There is no place in British society for extremism or intolerance

2010年《平等法》保护人们免受基于年龄、性别、种族、残疾、宗教、性取向和性别重置的歧视

The Equality Act 2010 protects against discrimination based on age, sex, race, disability, religion, sexual orientation, and gender reassignment

英国居民享有言论自由、公正审判、宗教信仰自由和平等机会的权利

UK residents have the rights to free speech, fair trial, freedom of worship, and equal opportunity

严重刑事案件由12名普通公民组成的陪审团审理

Serious criminal cases are heard by a jury of 12 ordinary citizens

主要责任包括遵守法律、担任陪审员、纳税和尊重他人权利

Key responsibilities include obeying the law, jury service, paying taxes, and respecting others' rights

陪审团服务是18至75岁英国公民和永久居民的法律义务

Jury service is a legal obligation for UK citizens and permanent residents aged 18 to 75

言论自由有限制——不包括煽动仇恨的权利

Freedom of speech has limits — it does not include the right to incite hatred

基于种族、宗教、性取向、残疾或跨性别身份的仇恨言论是刑事犯罪

Hate speech based on race, religion, sexual orientation, disability, or transgender identity is a criminal offence

Life in the UK考试有24道题，限时45分钟，需要75%才能通过（24题中答对18题）

The Life in the UK test has 24 questions, a time limit of 45 minutes, and requires 75% to pass (18 out of 24 correct)

Life in the UK考试费用为50英鎊

The Life in the UK test costs £50

入籍申请提交给Home Office

Citizenship applications are made to the Home Office

新公民必须参加入籍仪式

New citizens must attend a citizenship ceremony

公民承诺声明：“我将忠于联合王国，尊重其权利和自由。我将维护其民主价值观。”

The citizenship pledge states: "I will give my loyalty to the United Kingdom and respect its rights and freedoms. I will uphold its democratic values."

新公民可以选择宣誓（宗教形式）或确认（非宗教形式）——两者具有相同的法律效力

New citizens can choose between an oath (religious) or affirmation (non-religious) — both have the same legal weight

鼓励公民通过志愿服务、投票和参与当地事务来参与社区生活

Citizens are encouraged to participate in community life through volunteering, voting, and local involvement

社区参与包括志愿服务、成为学校理事、担任地方议员或加入邻里守望

Community participation includes volunteering, becoming a school governor, serving as a local councillor, or joining a neighbourhood watch

英国由四个国家组成：英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰

The UK is made up of four nations: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland

全称是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国

The full official name is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

爱尔兰共和国是一个独立的国家，不属于英国

The Republic of Ireland is a separate country and is NOT part of the UK

威尔士有自己的语言——威尔士语（Cymraeg），与英语并行使用

Wales has its own language, Welsh (Cymraeg), spoken alongside English

大不列颠 = 英格兰 + 苏格兰 + 威尔士（不包括北爱尔兰）

Great Britain = England + Scotland + Wales (NOT Northern Ireland)

联合王国 = 英格兰 + 苏格兰 + 威尔士 + 北爱尔兰

The United Kingdom = England + Scotland + Wales + Northern Ireland

联合旗（Union Jack）没有包含威尔士的标志

The Union Flag (Union Jack) does not include representation of Wales

伦敦是英格兰和英国的首都；爱丁堡是苏格兰的首都；加的夫是威尔士的首都；贝尔法斯特是北爱尔兰的首都

London is the capital of England and the UK; Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland; Cardiff is the capital of Wales; Belfast is the capital of Northern Ireland

主保圣人：圣乔治（英格兰，4月23日）、圣安德鲁（苏格兰，11月30日）、圣大卫（威尔士，3月1日）、圣帕特里克（北爱尔兰，3月17日）

Patron saints: St George (England, 23 April), St Andrew (Scotland, 30 November), St David (Wales, 1 March), St Patrick (Northern Ireland, 17 March)

国花：玫瑰（英格兰）、蓟花（苏格兰）、水仙花（威尔士）、三叶草（北爱尔兰）

National flowers: rose (England), thistle (Scotland), daffodil (Wales), shamrock (Northern Ireland)

伦敦是英国最大的城市，大伦敦地区约有900万人口

London is the largest city in the UK with about 9 million people in the Greater London area

伯明翰是英国第二大城市

Birmingham is the second-largest city in the UK

格拉斯哥是苏格兰最大的城市

Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland

塞文河是英国最长的河流（354公里）

The River Severn is the longest river in the UK (354 km)

泰晤士河是英国第二长河（346公里），流经伦敦

The River Thames is the second-longest river in the UK (346 km) and flows through London

苏格兰的本尼维斯山是英国最高的山（1,345米）

Ben Nevis in Scotland is the highest mountain in the UK (1,345 m)

斯诺登山（Yr Wyddfa）是威尔士最高的山（1,085米）

Snowdon (Yr Wyddfa) is the highest mountain in Wales (1,085 m)

斯科费尔峰是英格兰最高的山（978米）

Scafell Pike is the highest mountain in England (978 m)

英国属于温带海洋性气候，气温温和，降雨规律

The UK has a temperate maritime climate with mild temperatures and regular rainfall

英格兰、威尔士和苏格兰共有15个国家公园

There are 15 National Parks in England, Wales, and Scotland

皇家属地包括泽西岛、根西岛和马恩岛

The Crown Dependencies are Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man

皇家属地不属于英国，但拥有各自的政府

Crown Dependencies are NOT part of the UK but have their own governments

英国负责皇家属地的国防和国际关系

The UK is responsible for the defence and international relations of Crown Dependencies

共有14个英国海外领土，包括直布罗陀、福克兰群岛和百慕大

There are 14 British Overseas Territories, including Gibraltar, Falkland Islands, and Bermuda

英国海外领土不属于英国本土，但仍处于英国主权之下

British Overseas Territories are not part of the UK but remain under UK sovereignty

与阿根廷的福克兰战争发生于1982年

The Falklands War with Argentina took place in 1982

英国人口约6700万

The UK population is approximately 67 million

英格兰约占英国人口的84%，苏格兰约8%，威尔士约5%，北爱尔兰约3%

England has about 84% of the UK population, Scotland ~8%, Wales ~5%, Northern Ireland ~3%

人口普查每10年进行一次

The census is conducted every 10 years

英国国教会是英格兰的官方国教会；君主是其最高首领

The Church of England is the official state church in England; the monarch is its Supreme Governor

苏格兰教会是长老会教会；君主不是其领袖

The Church of Scotland is a Presbyterian church; the monarch is NOT its head

英国的其他主要宗教：伊斯兰教、印度教、锡克教、犹太教、佛教

Other major religions in the UK: Islam, Hinduism, Sikhism, Judaism, Buddhism

坎特伯雷大主教是英国国教会的精神领袖

The Archbishop of Canterbury is the spiritual leader of the Church of England

英国是一个多元化的多元文化社会

The UK is a diverse, multicultural society

二战后，许多人从加勒比、印度、巴基斯坦和孟加拉国来到英国

After WWII, many people came to the UK from the Caribbean, India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh

2010年平等法规定基于种族、宗教、性别、残疾、年龄或性取向的歧视为违法行为

The Equality Act 2010 makes it illegal to discriminate based on race, religion, gender, disability, age, or sexual orientation

冰河时代后海平面上升，不列颠约一万年前成为岛屿

Britain became an island about 10,000 years ago when sea levels rose after the Ice Age

最早的不列颠人是狩猎采集者，后来成为农民

The earliest Britons were hunter-gatherers who later became farmers

Stonehenge位于英格兰西南部的Wiltshire，建于约公元前3000年

Stonehenge is in Wiltshire, south-west England, built around 3000 BC

Skara Brae位于Orkney群岛，是北欧保存最完好的史前聚落之一

Skara Brae on Orkney Islands is one of the best-preserved prehistoric settlements in northern Europe

不列颠铁器时代的人被称为凯尔特人

The Iron Age people of Britain were called the Celts

凯尔特语是现代威尔士语、爱尔兰盖尔语和苏格兰盖尔语的起源

Celtic languages are the origin of modern Welsh, Irish Gaelic, and Scottish Gaelic

Maiden Castle位于Dorset，是欧洲最大的山丘堡垒之一

Maiden Castle in Dorset is one of the largest hill forts in Europe

Julius Caesar于公元前55年首次入侵不列颠

Julius Caesar first invaded Britain in 55 BC

克劳狄皇帝于公元43年成功入侵不列颠

Emperor Claudius successfully invaded Britain in AD 43

不列颠是罗马帝国的一部分，历时近400年

Britain was part of the Roman Empire for nearly 400 years

Iceni部落女王Boudicca于公元60-61年领导了反抗罗马人的起义

Boudicca, queen of the Iceni, led a revolt against the Romans (AD 60-61)

罗马人将不列颠称为"Britannia"

The Romans called Britain "Britannia"

哈德良长城建于公元122年，横跨英格兰北部

Hadrian's Wall was built in AD 122 across the north of England

罗马人约于公元410年离开不列颠

The Romans left Britain around AD 410

罗马人从未征服苏格兰（Caledonia）

The Romans never conquered Scotland (Caledonia)

许多现代英国城市起源于罗马聚落（London=Londinium, Bath=Aquae Sulis, York=Eboracum）

Many modern UK cities began as Roman settlements (London=Londinium, Bath=Aquae Sulis, York=Eboracum)

盎格鲁-撒克逊人是来自德意志和丹麦的盎格鲁人、撒克逊人和朱特人

The Anglo-Saxons were Angles, Saxons, and Jutes from Germany and Denmark

"England"一词源自"Angle-land"

"England" comes from "Angle-land"

圣奥古斯丁于公元597年被派往不列颠，成为坎特伯雷第一任大主教

St Augustine was sent to Britain in AD 597 and became the first Archbishop of Canterbury

主要的盎格鲁-撒克逊王国有Northumbria、Mercia、East Anglia、Essex、Kent、Sussex和Wessex

The main Anglo-Saxon kingdoms were Northumbria, Mercia, East Anglia, Essex, Kent, Sussex, and Wessex

不列颠第一次重大维京袭击发生于公元793年的Lindisfarne

The first major Viking raid in Britain was at Lindisfarne in AD 793

维京人控制的地区被称为Danelaw

The area under Viking control was called the Danelaw

阿尔弗雷德大帝是Wessex国王，是唯一被称为"大帝"的英格兰君主

Alfred the Great was king of Wessex, the only English monarch called "the Great"

阿尔弗雷德于公元878年在Edington战役中击败维京人

Alfred defeated the Vikings at the Battle of Edington in AD 878

阿尔弗雷德的孙子Athelstan是第一位统治整个英格兰的国王（Brunanburh战役，公元937年）

Athelstan, Alfred's grandson, was the first king to rule all of England (Battle of Brunanburh, AD 937)

黑斯廷斯战役发生于1066年10月14日

The Battle of Hastings was fought on 14 October 1066

诺曼底公爵威廉击败了哈罗德·戈德温森国王

William, Duke of Normandy, defeated King Harold Godwinson

威廉于1066年圣诞节在Westminster Abbey加冕为王

William was crowned King on Christmas Day 1066 at Westminster Abbey

诺曼征服是最后一次成功入侵英格兰的外国入侵

The Norman Conquest was the last successful foreign invasion of England

威廉将封建制度引入英格兰

William introduced the feudal system to England

末日审判书于1086年完成，是对英格兰所有土地的调查

The Domesday Book was completed in 1086, a survey of all land in England

末日审判书用于确定纳税义务

The Domesday Book was used to determine tax obligations

伦敦塔和温莎城堡是诺曼城堡

The Tower of London and Windsor Castle are Norman castles

诺曼法语成为统治阶级的语言；许多英语词汇的法语起源可追溯至这一时期

Norman French became the language of the ruling class; many English words have French origins from this period

约翰国王于1215年6月15日在Runnymede签署了大宪章

King John signed the Magna Carta at Runnymede on 15 June 1215

大宪章确立了法律面前人人平等的原则；它是议会民主的基础

The Magna Carta established that no one is above the law; it is a foundation of parliamentary democracy

任何自由人未经同等身份者的合法裁决，不得被监禁

No free man could be imprisoned without the lawful judgment of his peers

英格兰第一届议会在13世纪出现，设有上议院和下议院

The first English Parliament emerged during the 13th century with the House of Lords and House of Commons

黑死病于1348年传入英格兰，杀死约三分之一的人口，并通过劳动力短缺削弱了封建制度

The Black Death reached England in 1348, killed about one-third of the population, and weakened the feudal system through labour shortages

1381年农民起义由Wat Tyler领导

The Peasants' Revolt of 1381 was led by Wat Tyler

百年战争（1337–1453年）：英格兰对法国；亨利五世于1415年赢得阿金库尔战役

The Hundred Years' War (1337–1453): England vs France; Henry V won the Battle of Agincourt in 1415

玫瑰战争（1455–1485年）：兰开斯特（红玫瑰）对约克（白玫瑰）

Wars of the Roses (1455–1485): Lancaster (red rose) vs York (white rose)

亨利·都铎（亨利七世）于1485年在博斯沃思原野战役中击败理查三世；理查三世是最后一位战死沙场的英格兰国王

Henry Tudor (Henry VII) defeated Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485; Richard III was the last English king to die in battle

亨利八世（在位1509–1547年）有六位妻子：凯瑟琳·阿拉贡、安妮·博林、简·西摩、克里维斯的安妮、凯瑟琳·霍华德、凯瑟琳·帕尔

Henry VIII (reigned 1509–1547) had six wives: Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard, Catherine Parr

《最高权力法案》（1534年）使君主成为英国国教的首领，与罗马决裂

The Act of Supremacy (1534) made the monarch head of the Church of England, breaking with Rome

亨利八世下令解散修道院（1536–1541年）

Henry VIII ordered the dissolution of the monasteries (1536–1541)

伊丽莎白一世在位1558–1603年，是在位时间最长的都铎君主（45年），被称为"童贞女王"

Elizabeth I reigned 1558–1603, the longest-reigning Tudor monarch (45 years), known as "The Virgin Queen"

西班牙无敌舰队于1588年被击败

The Spanish Armada was defeated in 1588

伊丽莎白时代是文学的黄金时代；莎士比亚在此期间写下大多数剧作；她终身未嫁，无嗣而终，结束了都铎王朝

Elizabeth's reign was a Golden Age of literature; Shakespeare wrote most of his plays during this time; she never married and died without an heir, ending the Tudor dynasty

詹姆斯一世（苏格兰的詹姆斯六世）于1603年合并英格兰和苏格兰王冠，并授权翻译钦定版圣经（1611年）

James I (James VI of Scotland) united the crowns of England and Scotland in 1603 and authorised the King James Bible (1611)

火药阴谋（1605年11月5日）：盖伊·福克斯企图炸毁议会

The Gunpowder Plot (5 November 1605): Guy Fawkes tried to blow up Parliament

查理一世相信君权神授，在金钱和宗教问题上与议会发生冲突

Charles I believed in the divine right of kings and conflicted with Parliament over money and religion

英国内战从1642年持续到1651年：保王党（骑士党）对阵议会派（圆颅党）

The English Civil War lasted from 1642 to 1651: Royalists (Cavaliers) vs Parliamentarians (Roundheads)

奥利弗·克伦威尔领导议会军并组建新模范军

Oliver Cromwell led the parliamentary forces and organised the New Model Army

查理一世于1649年1月30日被处决——是唯一被处决的英国君主

Charles I was executed on 30 January 1649 — the only English monarch to be executed

查理一世被处决后，英格兰成为共和国（联邦）；克伦威尔于1653年成为护国公

After Charles I's execution, England became a republic (Commonwealth); Cromwell became Lord Protector in 1653

王政复辟（1660年）：查理二世被邀请回国为王，恢复君主制

The Restoration (1660): Charles II was invited back as king, restoring the monarchy

1665年大瘟疫在伦敦造成约10万人死亡

The Great Plague of 1665 killed about 100,000 people in London

1666年伦敦大火摧毁大部分城市；克里斯托弗·雷恩爵士重建了圣保罗大教堂

The Great Fire of London in 1666 destroyed much of the city; Sir Christopher Wren rebuilt St Paul's Cathedral

詹姆斯二世是天主教徒，令新教权贵忧虑；其天主教儿子于1688年出生引发危机

James II was Catholic, which alarmed the Protestant establishment; his Catholic son's birth in 1688 triggered a crisis

奥兰治的威廉于1688年被邀请登基；詹姆斯二世逃往法国——“光荣革命”

William of Orange was invited to take the throne in 1688; James II fled to France — the "Glorious Revolution"

威廉三世与玛丽二世于1689年成为共同君主

William III and Mary II became joint monarchs in 1689

权利法案（1689年）确立君主立宪制：无议会批准不得立法征税，自由选举，议会内言论自由，不得施以残酷异常的惩罚

The Bill of Rights (1689) established constitutional monarchy: no laws/taxes without Parliament, free elections, free speech in Parliament, no cruel and unusual punishment

人身保护令——任何人未经法庭审讯不得被监禁；人身保护法于1679年通过

Habeas corpus — a person cannot be imprisoned without trial; the Habeas Corpus Act was passed in 1679

1707年联合法案将英格兰和苏格兰合并为大不列颠

The Act of Union 1707 united England and Scotland into Great Britain

安妮女王是1707年联合法案时的执政君主，也是最后一位斯图亚特君主

Queen Anne was the reigning monarch during the Act of Union 1707 and the last Stuart monarch

乔治一世于1714年登基，来自德意志的汉诺威邦

George I became king in 1714, from the German state of Hanover

罗伯特·沃波尔被视为首位首相（1721-1742年）

Robert Walpole is considered the first Prime Minister (1721-1742)

唐宁街10号自沃波尔以来一直是首相官邸

10 Downing Street has been the PM's official residence since Walpole

奴隶贸易以三角形路线运作：英国→非洲→美洲→英国

The slave trade operated as a triangle: Britain → Africa → Americas → Britain

威廉·威伯福斯积极推动废除奴隶贸易

William Wilberforce campaigned to abolish the slave trade

1807年奴隶贸易法废除了大英帝国的奴隶贸易

Slave Trade Act 1807 abolished the slave trade in the British Empire

1833年废奴法废除了奴隶制本身

Slavery Abolition Act 1833 abolished slavery itself

1801年联合法案将大不列颠和爱尔兰合并为联合王国

Act of Union 1801 united Great Britain and Ireland into the United Kingdom

英国是第一个工业化的国家（18世纪中叶至19世纪中叶）

Britain was the first country to industrialize (mid-18th to mid-19th century)

詹姆斯·瓦特改进了蒸汽机

James Watt improved the steam engine

理查德·阿克莱特发明了水力纺纱机；工厂制度之父

Richard Arkwright developed the water frame / spinning frame; father of the factory system

乔治和罗伯特·史蒂芬森开创铁路事业；制造了火箭号机车

George and Robert Stephenson pioneered railways; built the Rocket locomotive

伊桑巴德·金德姆·布鲁内尔建造了大西部铁路、克利夫顿悬索桥和SS大不列颠号

Isambard Kingdom Brunel built the Great Western Railway, Clifton Suspension Bridge, and SS Great Britain

维多利亚女王统治1837-1901年（63年），是当时最长的统治

Queen Victoria reigned 1837-1901 (63 years), the longest reign at the time

1851年万国博览会在水晶宫举办，由阿尔伯特亲王组织

The Great Exhibition 1851 was held at Crystal Palace, organised by Prince Albert

宪章运动要求所有劳动男性获得选举权

The Chartist movement demanded voting rights for all working men

改革法案（1832、1867、1884年）逐步扩大了选举权

Reform Acts (1832, 1867, 1884) gradually extended voting rights

埃米琳·潘克赫斯特于1903年创立妇女社会政治联盟

Emmeline Pankhurst founded the WSPU in 1903

1918年人民代表法：30岁以上有财产的女性可以投票

1918 Representation of the People Act: women over 30 with property could vote

1928年平等选举权法：所有21岁以上女性均可投票（与男性平等）

1928 Equal Franchise Act: all women over 21 could vote (equal with men)

1914年奥地利大公弗朗茨·斐迪南大公遇刺后，第一次世界大战爆发

WWI started after assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in 1914

协约国（英国、法国、俄国）对阵同盟国（德国、奥匈帝国、奥斯曼帝国）

Allies (Britain, France, Russia) vs Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire)

1916年索姆河战役——最血腥的战役之一；首日英军伤亡约6万人

Battle of the Somme 1916 — one of the bloodiest battles; ~60,000 British casualties on day one

战争于1918年11月11日结束（停战日）；以戴罂粟花纪念阵亡将士

War ended 11 November 1918 (Armistice Day); commemorated as Remembrance Day with poppies

1939年9月德国入侵波兰；英国和法国宣战

Germany invaded Poland September 1939; Britain and France declared war

温斯顿·丘吉尔于1940年5月出任首相，领导英国度过战争

Winston Churchill became PM in May 1940 and led Britain through the war

敦刻尔克大撤退（1940年5-6月）救出逾30万名士兵

Dunkirk evacuation (May-June 1940) rescued 300,000+ troops

不列颠之战（1940年夏）：英国皇家空军抵御德国空军

Battle of Britain (summer 1940): RAF defended against the Luftwaffe

闪电战（1940年9月–1941年5月）：德国轰炸英国城市

The Blitz (Sept 1940 – May 1941): German bombing of British cities

D日：1944年6月6日——盟军登陆诺曼底（霸王行动）

D-Day: 6 June 1944 — Allied invasion of Normandy (Operation Overlord)

欧战胜利日：1945年5月8日——欧洲战事胜利

VE Day: 8 May 1945 — victory in Europe

大屠杀：纳粹屠杀约600万犹太人

The Holocaust: Nazi murder of approximately 6 million Jews

克莱门特·艾德礼（工党）赢得1945年大选

Clement Attlee (Labour) won the 1945 election

贝弗里奇报告（1942年）确定了五大“巨祸”并建议建立社会保障

The Beveridge Report (1942) identified five "giant evils" and recommended social security

国民医疗服务于1948年7月5日成立

The NHS was founded on 5 July 1948

阿纽林（奈）·贝文是创建国民医疗服务的卫生部长

Aneurin (Nye) Bevan was the Minister of Health who created the NHS

国民医疗服务提供使用时免费的医疗保健

The NHS provides free healthcare at the point of use

帝国疾风号于1948年抵达，带来了来自加勒比海地区的工人

Empire Windrush arrived in 1948 bringing workers from the Caribbean

英国于1973年加入欧洲经济共同体（现为欧盟）

Britain joined the EEC (now EU) in 1973

玛格丽特·撒切尔是首位女性首相（1979-1990年）

Margaret Thatcher was the first female PM (1979-1990)

权力下放创建了苏格兰议会、威尔士议会和北爱尔兰议会（1997-1999年）

Devolution created the Scottish Parliament, Welsh Assembly, and NI Assembly (1997-1999)

1998年耶稣受难节协议为北爱尔兰带来了和平

Good Friday Agreement 1998 brought peace to Northern Ireland

脱欧：英国于2020年1月31日离开欧盟

Brexit: UK left the EU on 31 January 2020

英国人口约6700万

The UK population is approximately 67 million

英格兰人口约5600万，是英国最大的组成国

England has a population of about 56 million, making it the largest nation in the UK

英国人口老龄化，预期寿命超过80岁

The UK has an aging population with life expectancy over 80 years

人口普查每10年进行一次；最近一次是在2021年

A census is held every 10 years; the most recent was in 2021

移民丰富了英国文化并促进了人口增长

Immigration has enriched British culture and contributed to population growth

伦敦使用超过300种语言

Over 300 languages are spoken in London

Church of England是国教；君主是其领袖

The Church of England is the established church; the monarch is its head

Church of Scotland是长老会；君主不是其领袖

The Church of Scotland is Presbyterian; the monarch is NOT its head

威尔士和北爱尔兰没有国教

There is no established church in Wales or Northern Ireland

每个人都有权信仰宗教或不信仰任何宗教

Everyone has the right to practise their religion or have no religion

圣乔治是英格兰的守护圣人（4月23日）；圣安德鲁是苏格兰的守护圣人（11月30日）；圣大卫是威尔士的守护圣人（3月1日）；圣帕特里克是北爱尔兰的守护圣人（3月17日）

St George is patron saint of England (23 April); St Andrew of Scotland (30 November); St David of Wales (1 March); St Patrick of Northern Ireland (17 March)

圣诞节是12月25日；节礼日是12月26日

Christmas Day is 25 December; Boxing Day is 26 December

Albert亲王在英国推广了圣诞树传统

Prince Albert popularised the Christmas tree tradition in the UK

篝火之夜（11月5日）纪念1605年Guy Fawkes火药阴谋的失败

Bonfire Night (5 November) commemorates the failed Gunpowder Plot of 1605 by Guy Fawkes

阵亡将士纪念日（11月11日）：人们佩戴罂粟花，上午11点默哀两分钟

Remembrance Day (11 November): people wear poppies and observe a two-minute silence at 11 am

Hogmanay是苏格兰的新年庆祝活动

Hogmanay is the Scottish New Year celebration

银行假日：英格兰/威尔士8天、苏格兰9天、北爱尔兰10天

Bank holidays: 8 in England/Wales, 9 in Scotland, 10 in Northern Ireland

情人节是2月14日；万圣节是10月31日

Valentine's Day is 14 February; Halloween is 31 October

足球是英国最受欢迎的运动；英格兰在1966年赢得FIFA世界杯

Football is the most popular sport in the UK; England won the FIFA World Cup in 1966

板球起源于英格兰；The Ashes是英格兰与澳大利亚之间的赛事

Cricket originated in England; The Ashes is played between England and Australia

六国锦标赛包括英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士、爱尔兰、法国和意大利

The Six Nations Championship involves England, Scotland, Wales, Ireland, France, and Italy

Wimbledon是世界上最古老的网球锦标赛

Wimbledon is the oldest tennis tournament in the world

高尔夫球起源于苏格兰；公开锦标赛是最古老的高尔夫大满贯赛事

Golf originated in Scotland; The Open Championship is the oldest major golf tournament

2012年奥运会在伦敦举行；伦敦三次举办奥运会（1908年、1948年、2012年）

The 2012 Olympics were held in London; London hosted the Olympics three times (1908, 1948, 2012)

残奥会也于2012年在伦敦举行

The Paralympic Games were also held in London in 2012

William Shakespeare（1564-1616）写了至少38部戏剧；出生于Stratford-upon-Avon

William Shakespeare (1564-1616) wrote at least 38 plays; born in Stratford-upon-Avon

Shakespeare的著名戏剧包括《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》、《仲夏夜之梦》、《麦克白》

Shakespeare's famous plays include Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, A Midsummer Night's Dream, Macbeth

Charles Dickens写了《雾都孤儿》和《圣诞颂歌》；Jane Austen写了《傲慢与偏见》

Charles Dickens wrote Oliver Twist and A Christmas Carol; Jane Austen wrote Pride and Prejudice

Robert Burns是苏格兰的国家诗人；Burns之夜是1月25日

Robert Burns is Scotland's national poet; Burns Night is 25 January

The Beatles来自利物浦；The Rolling Stones是另一支标志性的英国乐队

The Beatles are from Liverpool; The Rolling Stones are another iconic British band

Sir Christopher Wren设计了圣保罗大教堂

Sir Christopher Wren designed St Paul's Cathedral

特纳奖以画家J.M.W. Turner命名

The Turner Prize is named after the painter J.M.W. Turner

Isaac Newton发现了万有引力和运动定律

Isaac Newton discovered gravity and the laws of motion

Charles Darwin写了《物种起源》并提出了进化论

Charles Darwin wrote On the Origin of Species and developed the theory of evolution

Alexander Fleming于1928年发现了青霉素

Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928

Tim Berners-Lee发明了万维网

Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web

Florence Nightingale是现代护理学的创始人，因在克里米亚战争中的工作而闻名

Florence Nightingale is the founder of modern nursing, famous for her work in the Crimean War

Emmeline Pankhurst为女性选举权而奋斗并创立了WSPU

Emmeline Pankhurst campaigned for women's suffrage and founded the WSPU

Isambard Kingdom Brunel建造了大西部铁路

Isambard Kingdom Brunel built the Great Western Railway

Sir Francis Drake是第一位环球航行的英格兰人

Sir Francis Drake was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe

John Logie Baird展示了电视；Alexander Graham Bell（苏格兰人）发明了电话

John Logie Baird demonstrated television; Alexander Graham Bell (Scottish) invented the telephone

多莉羊（1996年）是第一只从成体细胞克隆的哺乳动物，诞生于苏格兰的罗斯林研究所

Dolly the Sheep (1996) was the first mammal cloned from an adult cell, at the Roslin Institute in Scotland

英国没有一部单一的成文宪法（它是不成文的）

The UK does not have a single written constitution (it is uncodified)

英国宪法基于成文法、惯例、王室特权和普通法

The UK constitution is based on statutes, conventions, royal prerogatives, and common law

Magna Carta（1215年）确立了即使是国王也必须遵守法律的原则

Magna Carta (1215) established that even the king is subject to the law

Bill of Rights（1689年）限制了君主的权力并确认了Parliament的权利

The Bill of Rights (1689) limited the powers of the monarch and confirmed the rights of Parliament

议会主权意味着Parliament是英国的最高法律权威

Parliamentary sovereignty means Parliament is the supreme legal authority in the UK

英国是君主立宪制国家——君主统而不治

The UK is a constitutional monarchy — the monarch reigns but does not rule

君主是国家元首、Commonwealth元首以及英格兰教会最高管理者

The monarch is Head of State, Head of the Commonwealth, and Supreme Governor of the Church of England

所有法案成为法律都需要Royal Assent；按惯例从不被拒绝

Royal Assent is required for all Bills to become law; by convention, it is never refused

君主以King's/Queen's Speech开启Parliament会议，该演讲由政府撰写

The monarch opens Parliament with the King's/Queen's Speech, which is written by the government

现任君主是King Charles III

The current monarch is King Charles III

Parliament有两院：House of Commons（民选）和House of Lords（非民选）

Parliament has two Houses: the House of Commons (elected) and the House of Lords (not elected)

House of Commons有650名议员，每人代表一个选区

The House of Commons has 650 MPs, each representing one constituency

Speaker of the House主持下议院辩论，必须保持政治中立

The Speaker of the House chairs Commons debates and must be politically neutral

House of Lords包括终身贵族、世袭贵族和主教（Lords Spiritual）

The House of Lords includes life peers, hereditary peers, and bishops (Lords Spiritual)

一项法案必须经过两院通过并获得Royal Assent才能成为Act of Parliament

A Bill must pass through both Houses and receive Royal Assent to become an Act of Parliament

Prime Minister是House of Commons中多数党的领袖

The PM is the leader of the majority party in the House of Commons

Cabinet是由Prime Minister选定的一组高级大臣，负责管理关键政府部门

The Cabinet is a group of senior ministers chosen by the PM to run key government departments

大选必须至少每5年举行一次

General elections must be held at least every 5 years

英国大选采用简单多数制：得票最多的候选人获胜

UK general elections use first-past-the-post: candidate with most votes wins

投票须年满18岁，且为英国公民、在英爱尔兰公民或符合条件的Commonwealth公民

To vote you must be 18+, and a UK citizen, Irish citizen in UK, or qualifying Commonwealth citizen

须在选民登记册上登记才能投票；投票是权利，不是法律义务

You must register on the electoral register to vote; voting is a right, not a legal duty

当议员席位在大选之间出现空缺时举行补选

A by-election is held when an MP seat becomes vacant between general elections

Scottish Parliament（Holyrood，Edinburgh）有129名MSP，按比例代表制选举产生

The Scottish Parliament (Holyrood, Edinburgh) has 129 MSPs elected by proportional representation

Welsh Senedd（Cardiff）有60名Senedd议员（MSs）

The Welsh Senedd (Cardiff) has 60 Members of the Senedd (MSs)

Northern Ireland Assembly（Stormont，Belfast）有90名MLA

The Northern Ireland Assembly (Stormont, Belfast) has 90 MLAs

下放权力包括教育、卫生、交通、环境和农业

Devolved powers include education, health, transport, environment, and agriculture

保留权力（由英国Parliament保留）包括国防、外交、移民、税收和社会保障

Reserved powers (kept by UK Parliament) include defence, foreign affairs, immigration, taxation, and social security

Council tax是资助地方服务的地方税

Council tax is a local tax that funds local services

刑法处理针对社会的犯罪行为；由Crown起诉

Criminal law deals with offences against society; the Crown prosecutes

民法处理个人或组织之间的纠纷

Civil law deals with disputes between individuals or organisations

英格兰和威尔士共用一个法律体系；苏格兰和北爱尔兰各有独立体系

England & Wales share one legal system; Scotland and Northern Ireland each have separate systems

Supreme Court是英国的最高法院

The Supreme Court is the highest court in the UK

陪审服务是选民登记册上18-75岁人士的义务；陪审团有12名成员（苏格兰为15名）

Jury service is a duty for those aged 18-75 on the electoral register; juries have 12 members (15 in Scotland)

1998年Human Rights Act将欧洲人权公约纳入英国法律

The Human Rights Act 1998 incorporates the European Convention on Human Rights into UK law

英国的VAT为20%

VAT in the UK is 20%

须年满17岁才能驾车；须通过理论和实践考试；驾照由DVLA颁发

You must be 17 to drive a car; you need to pass theory and practical tests; licences are issued by the DVLA

英国是联合国安理会常任理事国

The UK is a permanent member of the UN Security Council

英国是NATO、Commonwealth、欧洲委员会、G7和WTO的成员

The UK is a member of NATO, the Commonwealth, the Council of Europe, the G7, and the WTO

公民应以公平和尊重对待他人、遵守法律并为社区做贡献

Citizens should treat others with fairness and respect, obey the law, and contribute to the community