Triều Đại Stuart và Nội Chiến
James I and Charles I
When Elizabeth I died in 1603, James VI of Scotland became James I of England — the Union of the Crowns (England and Scotland remained separate kingdoms).
James I authorised the King James Bible, completed in 1611, one of the most influential books in English.
On 5 November 1605, the Gunpowder Plot was discovered — a Catholic conspiracy to blow up Parliament. Guy Fawkes was found guarding explosives in the cellars beneath Parliament. He was arrested and executed. This is commemorated annually on 5 November (Bonfire Night/Guy Fawkes Night) with bonfires and fireworks.
James I's son, Charles I, became king in 1625. He believed in the divine right of kings — that royal authority came from God and could not be questioned. This caused constant conflict with Parliament over taxation without Parliament's approval and religious policies. Charles ruled without Parliament for 11 years (1629–1640).
James I (James VI of Scotland) united the crowns of England and Scotland in 1603 and authorised the King James Bible (1611)
The Gunpowder Plot (5 November 1605): Guy Fawkes tried to blow up Parliament
Charles I believed in the divine right of kings and conflicted with Parliament over money and religion
Từ vựng
The belief that a monarch's authority comes directly from God
The 1605 conspiracy to blow up Parliament
A person who takes part in a secret plan to do something harmful
The joining of the English and Scottish crowns under one monarch
The English Civil War and Cromwell
The conflict between Charles I and Parliament led to the English Civil War (1642–1651). The Royalists (Cavaliers) supported the king; the Parliamentarians (Roundheads) supported Parliament.
Oliver Cromwell emerged as the parliamentary leader, organising the New Model Army. The Parliamentarians won, and Charles I was captured, tried for treason, and executed on 30 January 1649 outside the Banqueting House in Whitehall, London. He was the only English monarch to be executed.
England became a republic called the Commonwealth. In 1653, Cromwell was given the title Lord Protector, ruling as a military dictator until his death in 1658. His rule was strict — he banned Christmas celebrations and closed theatres. He also led a brutal campaign in Ireland.
After Cromwell's death, his son Richard briefly succeeded him but lacked authority. The Commonwealth collapsed.
The English Civil War lasted from 1642 to 1651: Royalists (Cavaliers) vs Parliamentarians (Roundheads)
Oliver Cromwell led the parliamentary forces and organised the New Model Army
Charles I was executed on 30 January 1649 — the only English monarch to be executed
After Charles I's execution, England became a republic (Commonwealth); Cromwell became Lord Protector in 1653
Từ vựng
Supporters of the king during the English Civil War
Supporters of Parliament during the English Civil War
The crime of betraying one's country or sovereign
The republican government of England (1649–1660)
The title given to Cromwell as head of state
Tóm tắt bài học
- James I united English and Scottish crowns in 1603; King James Bible completed 1611
- Gunpowder Plot discovered 5 November 1605; Guy Fawkes arrested; commemorated as Bonfire Night
- English Civil War 1642-1651: Royalists (Cavaliers) vs Parliamentarians (Roundheads)
- Charles I executed 30 January 1649, the only English monarch to be executed
- Oliver Cromwell became Lord Protector in 1653, ruling until his death in 1658
- England became a republic (Commonwealth) during Cromwell's rule