Cách Mạng Công Nghiệp và Thời Đại Victoria
The Industrial Revolution
Britain was the first country to industrialize (mid-18th to mid-19th century), transforming from an agricultural society into the world's leading industrial nation. Key factors included abundant coal and iron, a stable political system, and growing trade.
Key inventors: James Watt improved the steam engine, transforming manufacturing. Richard Arkwright developed the water frame (spinning frame) and is called the father of the modern factory system.
George Stephenson and his son Robert Stephenson pioneered railways. George built the Rocket locomotive. The world's first public railway, the Stockton and Darlington Railway, opened in 1825. The Liverpool and Manchester Railway (1830) was the first inter-city passenger railway.
Isambard Kingdom Brunel designed the Great Western Railway, the Clifton Suspension Bridge in Bristol, and the SS Great Britain — the first large iron ship powered by a propeller.
People moved from countryside to cities to work in factories. Cities like Manchester, Birmingham, Leeds, and Sheffield grew rapidly. Working conditions were often terrible, with long hours, low pay, and child labour.
Britain was the first country to industrialize (mid-18th to mid-19th century)
James Watt improved the steam engine
Richard Arkwright developed the water frame / spinning frame; father of the factory system
George and Robert Stephenson pioneered railways; built the Rocket locomotive
Isambard Kingdom Brunel built the Great Western Railway, Clifton Suspension Bridge, and SS Great Britain
Từ vựng
The rapid development of industry in the 18th-19th centuries
An engine powered by steam pressure
A powered railway vehicle for pulling trains
The process of people moving from rural areas to cities
A building where goods are manufactured
Queen Victoria and Social Reform
Queen Victoria reigned 1837–1901 (63 years) — the longest reign at that time (later surpassed by Elizabeth II). The British Empire reached its greatest extent, covering one-quarter of the world's surface.
The Great Exhibition of 1851 was held at the Crystal Palace in Hyde Park, London, organised by Prince Albert. It showcased Britain's industrial achievements and attracted over six million visitors.
Significant social reforms occurred: the Factory Acts improved working conditions; education became compulsory for children; public health was improved.
The Chartist movement demanded voting rights for all men, secret ballots, and other democratic changes. Most demands were eventually met through Reform Acts: the Reform Act 1832 extended the vote but excluded most working men; the Reform Act 1867 extended it to many working men in towns; the Reform Act 1884 extended it to rural working men. Women still could not vote.
Queen Victoria reigned 1837-1901 (63 years), the longest reign at the time
The Great Exhibition 1851 was held at Crystal Palace, organised by Prince Albert
The Chartist movement demanded voting rights for all working men
Reform Acts (1832, 1867, 1884) gradually extended voting rights
Từ vựng
The right to vote in political elections
A law that changed the electoral system to extend voting rights
A member of the 19th-century working-class reform movement
Required by law or rule
Tóm tắt bài học
- Britain was the first country to industrialize (mid-18th to mid-19th century)
- Key inventors: James Watt (steam engine), Richard Arkwright (spinning frame/factory system), Stephensons (railways, Rocket locomotive), Brunel (Great Western Railway, SS Great Britain)
- First public railway: Stockton and Darlington Railway opened 1825
- Queen Victoria reigned 1837-1901 (63 years); Great Exhibition 1851 at Crystal Palace organised by Prince Albert
- Reform Acts (1832, 1867, 1884) gradually extended voting rights to more men
- Chartist movement demanded universal male suffrage and secret ballots