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冰河时代后海平面上升,不列颠约一万年前成为岛屿
Britain became an island about 10,000 years ago when sea levels rose after the Ice Age
Julius Caesar于公元前55年首次入侵不列颠
Julius Caesar first invaded Britain in 55 BC
克劳狄皇帝于公元43年成功入侵不列颠
Emperor Claudius successfully invaded Britain in AD 43
哈德良长城建于公元122年,横跨英格兰北部
Hadrian's Wall was built in AD 122 across the north of England
罗马人约于公元410年离开不列颠
The Romans left Britain around AD 410
不列颠第一次重大维京袭击发生于公元793年的Lindisfarne
The first major Viking raid in Britain was at Lindisfarne in AD 793
阿尔弗雷德于公元878年在Edington战役中击败维京人
Alfred defeated the Vikings at the Battle of Edington in AD 878
黑斯廷斯战役发生于1066年10月14日
The Battle of Hastings was fought on 14 October 1066
威廉于1066年圣诞节在Westminster Abbey加冕为王
William was crowned King on Christmas Day 1066 at Westminster Abbey
末日审判书于1086年完成,是对英格兰所有土地的调查
The Domesday Book was completed in 1086, a survey of all land in England
英格兰第一届议会在13世纪出现,设有上议院和下议院
The first English Parliament emerged during the 13th century with the House of Lords and House of Commons
约翰国王于1215年6月15日在Runnymede签署了大宪章
King John signed the Magna Carta at Runnymede on 15 June 1215
百年战争(1337–1453年):英格兰对法国;亨利五世于1415年赢得阿金库尔战役
The Hundred Years' War (1337–1453): England vs France; Henry V won the Battle of Agincourt in 1415
黑死病于1348年传入英格兰,杀死约三分之一的人口,并通过劳动力短缺削弱了封建制度
The Black Death reached England in 1348, killed about one-third of the population, and weakened the feudal system through labour shortages
玫瑰战争(1455–1485年):兰开斯特(红玫瑰)对约克(白玫瑰)
Wars of the Roses (1455–1485): Lancaster (red rose) vs York (white rose)
亨利·都铎(亨利七世)于1485年在博斯沃思原野战役中击败理查三世;理查三世是最后一位战死沙场的英格兰国王
Henry Tudor (Henry VII) defeated Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485; Richard III was the last English king to die in battle
亨利八世下令解散修道院(1536–1541年)
Henry VIII ordered the dissolution of the monasteries (1536–1541)
西班牙无敌舰队于1588年被击败
The Spanish Armada was defeated in 1588
詹姆斯一世(苏格兰的詹姆斯六世)于1603年合并英格兰和苏格兰王冠,并授权翻译钦定版圣经(1611年)
James I (James VI of Scotland) united the crowns of England and Scotland in 1603 and authorised the King James Bible (1611)
火药阴谋(1605年11月5日):盖伊·福克斯企图炸毁议会
The Gunpowder Plot (5 November 1605): Guy Fawkes tried to blow up Parliament
英国内战从1642年持续到1651年:保王党(骑士党)对阵议会派(圆颅党)
The English Civil War lasted from 1642 to 1651: Royalists (Cavaliers) vs Parliamentarians (Roundheads)
查理一世于1649年1月30日被处决——是唯一被处决的英国君主
Charles I was executed on 30 January 1649 — the only English monarch to be executed
王政复辟(1660年):查理二世被邀请回国为王,恢复君主制
The Restoration (1660): Charles II was invited back as king, restoring the monarchy
1665年大瘟疫在伦敦造成约10万人死亡
The Great Plague of 1665 killed about 100,000 people in London
1666年伦敦大火摧毁大部分城市;克里斯托弗·雷恩爵士重建了圣保罗大教堂
The Great Fire of London in 1666 destroyed much of the city; Sir Christopher Wren rebuilt St Paul's Cathedral
奥兰治的威廉于1688年被邀请登基;詹姆斯二世逃往法国——“光荣革命”
William of Orange was invited to take the throne in 1688; James II fled to France — the "Glorious Revolution"
1707年联合法案将英格兰和苏格兰合并为大不列颠
The Act of Union 1707 united England and Scotland into Great Britain
1801年联合法案将大不列颠和爱尔兰合并为联合王国
Act of Union 1801 united Great Britain and Ireland into the United Kingdom
1807年奴隶贸易法废除了大英帝国的奴隶贸易
Slave Trade Act 1807 abolished the slave trade in the British Empire
改革法案(1832、1867、1884年)逐步扩大了选举权
Reform Acts (1832, 1867, 1884) gradually extended voting rights
1833年废奴法废除了奴隶制本身
Slavery Abolition Act 1833 abolished slavery itself
1851年万国博览会在水晶宫举办,由阿尔伯特亲王组织
The Great Exhibition 1851 was held at Crystal Palace, organised by Prince Albert
1914年奥地利大公弗朗茨·斐迪南大公遇刺后,第一次世界大战爆发
WWI started after assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in 1914
1916年索姆河战役——最血腥的战役之一;首日英军伤亡约6万人
Battle of the Somme 1916 — one of the bloodiest battles; ~60,000 British casualties on day one
1918年人民代表法:30岁以上有财产的女性可以投票
1918 Representation of the People Act: women over 30 with property could vote
战争于1918年11月11日结束(停战日);以戴罂粟花纪念阵亡将士
War ended 11 November 1918 (Armistice Day); commemorated as Remembrance Day with poppies
1928年平等选举权法:所有21岁以上女性均可投票(与男性平等)
1928 Equal Franchise Act: all women over 21 could vote (equal with men)
1939年9月德国入侵波兰;英国和法国宣战
Germany invaded Poland September 1939; Britain and France declared war
敦刻尔克大撤退(1940年5-6月)救出逾30万名士兵
Dunkirk evacuation (May-June 1940) rescued 300,000+ troops
不列颠之战(1940年夏):英国皇家空军抵御德国空军
Battle of Britain (summer 1940): RAF defended against the Luftwaffe
闪电战(1940年9月–1941年5月):德国轰炸英国城市
The Blitz (Sept 1940 – May 1941): German bombing of British cities
D日:1944年6月6日——盟军登陆诺曼底(霸王行动)
D-Day: 6 June 1944 — Allied invasion of Normandy (Operation Overlord)
欧战胜利日:1945年5月8日——欧洲战事胜利
VE Day: 8 May 1945 — victory in Europe
国民医疗服务于1948年7月5日成立
The NHS was founded on 5 July 1948
帝国疾风号于1948年抵达,带来了来自加勒比海地区的工人
Empire Windrush arrived in 1948 bringing workers from the Caribbean
英国于1973年加入欧洲经济共同体(现为欧盟)
Britain joined the EEC (now EU) in 1973
与阿根廷的福克兰战争发生于1982年
The Falklands War with Argentina took place in 1982
权力下放创建了苏格兰议会、威尔士议会和北爱尔兰议会(1997-1999年)
Devolution created the Scottish Parliament, Welsh Assembly, and NI Assembly (1997-1999)
1998年耶稣受难节协议为北爱尔兰带来了和平
Good Friday Agreement 1998 brought peace to Northern Ireland
脱欧:英国于2020年1月31日离开欧盟
Brexit: UK left the EU on 31 January 2020