Nước Anh Từ Năm 1945
The Welfare State and NHS
In the 1945 general election, the Labour Party under Clement Attlee won a landslide victory over Churchill's Conservatives. The public wanted post-war social reform.
The Beveridge Report (1942), by Sir William Beveridge, identified five "giant evils": Want (poverty), Disease, Ignorance (lack of education), Squalor (poor housing), and Idleness (unemployment). It recommended social security "from the cradle to the grave."
Attlee's government created the welfare state: National Insurance, state pensions, unemployment benefits, and benefits for the sick and disabled.
The crowning achievement was the National Health Service (NHS), founded 5 July 1948 by Aneurin (Nye) Bevan, a Welsh Labour politician. The NHS provides free healthcare at the point of use — anyone can see a doctor or receive treatment without paying directly. It is funded through general taxation and National Insurance. The NHS remains one of the institutions British people are most proud of.
Clement Attlee (Labour) won the 1945 election
The Beveridge Report (1942) identified five "giant evils" and recommended social security
The NHS was founded on 5 July 1948
Aneurin (Nye) Bevan was the Minister of Health who created the NHS
The NHS provides free healthcare at the point of use
Từ vựng
A system where the government provides social services for citizens
The National Health Service — Britain's public healthcare system
A system of contributions to fund state benefits
A regular payment to a retired person
Post-War Immigration and Modern Britain
After WWII, Britain faced a labour shortage. Workers were recruited from the Commonwealth. The ship Empire Windrush arrived at Tilbury Docks, Essex, on 22 June 1948, carrying workers from the Caribbean (especially Jamaica) — symbolising the start of large-scale post-war immigration.
In the 1950s-60s, people from the Caribbean, India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh came to work in transport, the NHS, and manufacturing. They faced discrimination but enriched British culture.
Britain joined the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1973 (later the EU). Margaret Thatcher became the first female Prime Minister in 1979 (serving until 1990), pursuing privatization and free-market economics.
Devolution (late 1990s) created the Scottish Parliament, Welsh Assembly (now Senedd), and Northern Ireland Assembly (1997-1999). The Good Friday Agreement (10 April 1998) brought peace to Northern Ireland after decades of the Troubles, establishing power-sharing between unionists and nationalists.
Brexit: a 23 June 2016 referendum saw 52% vote to leave the EU. The UK officially left on 31 January 2020.
Empire Windrush arrived in 1948 bringing workers from the Caribbean
Britain joined the EEC (now EU) in 1973
Margaret Thatcher was the first female PM (1979-1990)
Devolution created the Scottish Parliament, Welsh Assembly, and NI Assembly (1997-1999)
Good Friday Agreement 1998 brought peace to Northern Ireland
Brexit: UK left the EU on 31 January 2020
Từ vựng
An association of countries, most formerly part of the British Empire
The transfer of powers from central to regional government
Britain's exit from the European Union
A direct vote by the electorate on a specific question
The process of coming to live permanently in a foreign country
Tóm tắt bài học
- NHS founded 5 July 1948 by Aneurin (Nye) Bevan; free healthcare at the point of use
- Beveridge Report (1942) identified five "giant evils"; Clement Attlee's Labour government created the welfare state
- Empire Windrush arrived 22 June 1948 carrying Caribbean workers to Tilbury Docks
- Margaret Thatcher: first female PM (1979-1990)
- Good Friday Agreement 10 April 1998 brought peace to Northern Ireland
- Brexit referendum 23 June 2016: 52% voted to leave; UK left EU on 31 January 2020