Những Người Anh Nổi Tiếng
Scientists and Pioneers
Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727) discovered the laws of gravity and developed the three laws of motion, laying foundations for modern physics.
Charles Darwin (1809-1882) developed the theory of evolution by natural selection. His book On the Origin of Species (1859) transformed understanding of life on Earth. He gathered evidence during a voyage on HMS Beagle.
Sir Alexander Fleming (1881-1955) discovered penicillin in 1928, the world's first widely used antibiotic, saving millions of lives.
Sir Tim Berners-Lee (born 1955) invented the World Wide Web in 1989 while at CERN in Switzerland. He made his invention freely available.
Professor Stephen Hawking (1942-2018) wrote A Brief History of Time, making complex physics accessible to millions. He continued research despite motor neurone disease.
Florence Nightingale (1820-1910) founded modern nursing during the Crimean War, dramatically reducing death rates. She established the first professional nursing school at St Thomas' Hospital in London.
Emmeline Pankhurst (1858-1928) founded the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) in 1903, leading the suffragette movement. Women over 30 gained the vote in 1918; equal voting rights were achieved in 1928.
Isaac Newton discovered gravity and the laws of motion
Charles Darwin wrote On the Origin of Species and developed the theory of evolution
Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928
Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web
Florence Nightingale is the founder of modern nursing, famous for her work in the Crimean War
Emmeline Pankhurst campaigned for women's suffrage and founded the WSPU
Engineers, Designers, and Inventions
Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1806-1859) built the Great Western Railway, designed the Clifton Suspension Bridge in Bristol, and built pioneering steamships including the SS Great Britain.
Sir Francis Drake (c. 1540-1596) was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe (1577-1580). He also helped defeat the Spanish Armada in 1588.
In design, William Morris (1834-1896) led the Arts and Crafts movement. Clarice Cliff (1899-1972) was known for Art Deco pottery. Mary Quant (1930-2023) popularised the miniskirt in the 1960s. Alexander McQueen (1969-2010) and Vivienne Westwood (1941-2022) were influential fashion designers.
Key British inventions: John Logie Baird demonstrated television in 1925. Alexander Graham Bell (born in Scotland) invented the telephone in 1876. Sir Frank Whittle developed the jet engine in the 1930s. Sir Christopher Cockerell invented the hovercraft in the 1950s. The first ATM was installed in the UK in 1967. Scientists at the Roslin Institute in Scotland created Dolly the Sheep in 1996, the first mammal cloned from an adult cell.
Isambard Kingdom Brunel built the Great Western Railway
Sir Francis Drake was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe
John Logie Baird demonstrated television; Alexander Graham Bell (Scottish) invented the telephone
Dolly the Sheep (1996) was the first mammal cloned from an adult cell, at the Roslin Institute in Scotland
Từ vựng
The process by which species change over time through natural selection
The first widely used antibiotic, discovered by Alexander Fleming
The right to vote in political elections
To sail or travel all the way around the world
Creating a genetically identical copy of an organism
Tóm tắt bài học
- Newton (1643-1727) discovered gravity; Darwin (1809-1882) developed the theory of evolution
- Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928; Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web in 1989
- Florence Nightingale (1820-1910) founded modern nursing during the Crimean War
- Emmeline Pankhurst founded the WSPU in 1903; women over 30 voted in 1918, equal rights in 1928
- British inventions: television (Baird), telephone (Bell), jet engine (Whittle), hovercraft (Cockerell)
- Dolly the Sheep (1996) was the first cloned mammal; Hawking wrote A Brief History of Time